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The Czech Republic

5. února 2011 v 11:22 | Cait Sidhe |  Anglická konverzace
Sobota, dopolende ... Caitík maká na KAJ(konverzace z anglického jazyka), tak sem rovnou hodí nějaké starší věci. A začneme od začátku ...


The Czech Republic

  1. The Czech Republic is situated in central Europe, as the Czech say "in heart of Europe", between Germany, Slovakia, Poland and Austria. The longest border it shares with Germany, over 800 km. The Czech Republic is an internal state, which means it doesn't have any access to the sea. This state is built from three historical parts - Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and this is why the nationality is not only Czech, but Moravian and Silesian too, which has affected the language, of course. So there is the offical language - Czech and than there are some local dialects. The number of inhabitans is nearly 11 millions. It includes minorities like Slovaks, Polish, Germans and Russians.
  2. The climate in the CR is affected by its geografical location, its elevation above mean sea level and its relief. As is usual in Europe there is a mild climate. It means that we have four seasons. Because of being an internal state it has fewer air humidity and bigger differences between the winter and summer temperatures. The CR is built from two mountain range - Česká Vysočina in the west and central part and Západní Karpaty in the east. One of czech famous mountain is called Krkonoše, which is popular skiing centre and where we can find the highest mountain - Sněžka with its 1602 m AMSL. The CR is also portioned in three parts according to the sea-drainage areas. The longest river - Vltava belongs with its continuation Labe to the Nord sea-drainage area. The well-kept nature containing some rare species of animals and flowers ranged in the CR is protected in reservations and national parks. From the national parks I want mention the Krkonoše National Park and Šumava National park as the biggest and most famous ones.
  3. The czech economy changed after 1989 from statist to market economy, which meant lots of privatisations of government companies and restitutions. There are three economical spheres - agriculture, industry and services. Agriculture is divided into animal and plants produce. Mainly cereals like wheat, barley or corn are cultivated, then potatoes and suger beet. Important are also the hop-gardens in Žatec region and Rakovník region, where is beer made too. From the animal section the most significances lies in breeding of beef-cattle and carps or beekeeping. In the main industrial branches there are chemical and engineering with "Škoda cars" as a world famous trade mark. Anothet sector with long tradition is czech glassworks, which is also pretty famous abroad. Most of czech glass comes from Jablonec and Světlá nad Sázavou.
  4. There were Slavs tribes in the early history and they built the Sama's empire in 6th centrury. In the beginning of 9th century the Great Moravian empire came into existence but it was unfortunately later destroyed by the Hungarians. The first official czech christened king was called Bořivoj, a grandfather of saint Wenceslaw, who was murdered by his own brother Boleslav and became the patron of the czech state. Under the government of Charles IV. came on the so called Golden age, which symbolised the development of Czech culture and language. He had also built the Newtown in Prague, castle Karlštejn and Charles University. As a very famous part of Czech history is taken the Hussite wars with its leader Jan Žižka from Trocnov in 16th century. The Hussites fought for their religional ideals again the ascedancy and Church. After a few years got the Czech empire under the Hapsburg dynasty and stayed there for almost four centuries. After a revolution of Czech nobility that started with Prag defenestration and led to the Battle on the White mountain and to the execution of twenty-seven Czech lords, began the forced recatholization and germanisation. These hard times of baroque lasted until the end of 18th century. Then finally there came a period of Czech national revival, which meant a great literate boom and language work from Czech authors. The Czech state was rebuilt after WWI, when the Hapsburg monarchy, the so called Austro-Hungarian empire, broke into pieces that formed as the new "post-war" states. On the 28th of October 1918 the Czech-Slovakia Republik declared its independence. This state included Czech lands, Slovakia and Under-Carpathians Russia. The sociologist and democrat TGM became a president of this so called "first republic". After only a few year of prosperity another war came to happen. Our neighbour-state Germany raised a claim to Czech border areas Sudety and the Great Powers of Europe agreed with it on the Munich Agreement. This was followed by occupying the Sudety region and later the German "Third imperium" usurped whole Czech lands. These were then formed as "Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia" under the new German government. All this did not contain Slovakia, because that announced being a fascist state and made friend-pact with Germany. Red Army was given the gratitude for libertation of the major portion of Czechoslovakia in 1945. That probably affected the parliament elections in 1948, which was won by the communist party. So Czechoslovakia became a communist state like many of its neighbours- Poland, DDR, … One short part of the communist regime "with human face" came in sixties. It meant more democracy and freedom but it was not lasting long. The flash point - known as Prague spring in 1968- ended with an invasion by the armies of Warsaw Pact, which remained there until revolution in 1989.
  5. The political system in Czech Republic consists of three parts - executive, legislative and judicial power. The executive power represent government and president. The czech goverment is formed by 15 ministers and prime minister, who is usually the leader of the winning party in elections. The Kramar's villa is the seat of the prime ministers. Ministers are chosen by rime minister and appointed by the president for 4 years. Only the president is elected for 5 years by parliament. This can happen maximal two times. The legislative power is posed by parliament, which is made from two chambers - House of Deputies with 200 members elected for 4 years and Senate with 81 senators chosen for 6 years. Every two years one third of Senate is changed. House of Deputies seats in Turnovsky palace on Lesser Side, Senate in Wallenstein palace, which is situated in Lesser Town, too. Courts represent the judicial power. The biggest one is working on constitucional causes iand it is called constitucional court. There is a supreme court too, which resides in Brno.
 

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